SST X

Term II SST X Syllabus

Nationalism in India

Manufacturing industries

Life lines of Natinal Economy

Political Parties

Outcomes of Democracy

Money and Credit

Globalisation and the Indian Economy

Test Paper I

Q How is democracy a better form of government in comparison to dictatorship? Explain.

Ans. - A non democratic government may take decision very fast. But it may take decisions that are not accepted by the people and may therefore face problems. In contrast, the democratic govt take time to follow procedures before arriving at a decision. As procedures are to be followed, its decisions may be both more acceptable to the people and more effective.

- The factor of transparency is often missing from a non-democratic government. In contrast a citizen in a democratic country who wants to know if a decision was taken through the correct procedures can find this out. She has the right and the means to examine the process of decision- making.

- Democratic government develops mechanism for citizens to hold the govt accountable and mechanisms for citizens to take part in decision-making whenever they think fit. This accountability is not possible in a non-democratic government.

-Democratic govt share information with citizens. In this regard too democratic regimes are much better than any non-democratic regime in these respects.

-Democratic government is legitimate government. It may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean. But a democratic govt is people's own govt. In contrast in non-democratic people do not have a choice. They do not elect the government.

Nationalism in India

1. Explain:

a) Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement.

b) How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India.

c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act. d) Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Q2. What is meant by the idea of satyagraha?

Ans. Satyagraha = power of truth.

Q3. Write a newspaper report on:

a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre: - against Rowlatt Act people gathered peacefully on 13 Apr 1919. General Dyre fired on people and many people died.

b) The Simon Commission: -

In 1928, to amend Constitutional Reforms, Simon Commission arrived India.

Q4. Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1.

Ans. Bharat Mata is symbol of Indian nation & Germania symbol of German nation. Image of Bharat mata was painted by Abindra Nath Tagore in 1905 while image of Germania was painted by Philip in 1848.

Q1. List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.

Ans. Urban middle class comprising lawyers, teachers and headmasters, students, peasants, tribals and workers. Peasants, tribals and workers joined the movement from the countryside. They did so with hopes of self-emancipation.

Q2. Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.

Ans. (i) All classes identified salt as it was a cheap and essential food item.

(ii) Tax and monopoly over its manufacturing and sale was a sign of oppression of British Rule.

(iii) It would affect the British Economy.

Q3. Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life.

Ans. I became a part of the nation making process. It was a motivating experience for me to protest against foreign rule for my country. It was like taking care of my own motherland.

Q4. Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?

Ans. (i) The National leaders felt it 'Divide and Rule', which would weaken the National Movement.

(ii) The Muslim League found its interest could only be protected in a Muslim state.

(iii) Dr BR Ambedkar favoured of separate electorates, but Gandhiji said separate electorate for Dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society. Ambedkar later accepted Gandhiji position and signed 'Poona Pact'.

6-Manufacturing industries

1 . Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material.

(a) Aluminium

(b) Cement

(d) Automobile

Ans. (b) Cement

(ii) Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants?

(a) HAIL

(b) SAIL

(d) MNCC

Ans. (b) SAIL Steel Authority of India Ltd.

(iii) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?

(a) Aluminium Smelting

(b) Cement

(d) Steel

Ans. (a) Aluminium

(iv) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc.

(a) Steel

(b) Electronic

(d) Information Technology

2 . Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words.

(i) What is manufacturing?

(ii) Name any three physical factors for the location of the industry.

(iii) Name any three human factors for the location of an industry.

(iv) What are basic industries? Give an example.

(v) Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement?

3 . Write the answers of the following questions in 120 words.

(i) How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in the production capacity?

(ii) How do industries pollute the environment?

(iii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry?

7-Life lines of Natinal Economy

1 . Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which two of the following extreme locations are connected by the eastwest corridor?

(a) Mumbai and Nagpur

(b) Silchar and Porbandar

(d) Nagpur and Siligudi

Ans. (c) Silchar and Probandar.

Explanation: Silcher in Assam with the port of Porbandar in Gujarat with a 3,460 km of road length.

(ii) Which mode of transportation reduces trans-shipment losses and delays?

(a) Railways

(b) Roadways

(d) Waterways

Ans .(c) Pipeline.

(iii) Which one of the following states is not connected with the H.V.J. pipeline?

(a) Madhya Pradesh

(b) Maharashtra

(d) Uttar Pradesh

Ans. (b) Maharashtra

(iv) Which one of the following ports is the deepest land-locked and well protected port along the east coast?

(a) Chennai

(b) Paradwip

(d) Vishakhapatnam

Ans. (d) Vishakhapatnam

(v) Which one of the following is the most important modes of transportation in India?

(a) Pipeline

(b) Railways

(d) Airways

Ans. (c) Railways

(vi) Which one of the following terms is used to describe trade between two or more countries?

(a) Internal trade

(b) International trade

(d) Local trade

Ans. (b) International trade

2 . Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) State any three merits of roadways.

Ans. (a) It provides us door to door service.

(b) It is easier to construct roads.

(ii) Where and why is rail transport the most convenient means of

transportation?

Ans. Rail transport is the most convenient means of transportation in Northern plain, because these plains have more population and agriculture is more. Construction of railways is easy as land is plain.

(iii) What is the significance of the border roads?

Ans. It is easy to transport supplies like healthcare, education, food etc in border areas if we have border roads.

(iv) What is meant by trade? What is the difference between international and local trade?

3 . Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Why are the means of transportation and communication called the lifelines of a nation and its economy?

Ans.

Kerala earn money by selling spices and whole India eat spices.

Assam earn money by selling tea and whole India eat tea.

Maharashtra earn money by selling onion and whole India eat onion.

Kashmir earn money by selling apple and whole India eat apple.

Jharkhand earn money by selling iron metal and whole India use iron metal.

UP earn money by selling wheat and whole India eat wheat.

Punjab earn money by selling rice and whole India eat rice.

UP earn money by selling sugar and whole India eat sugar.

Karnataka earn money by selling ginger and whole India eat ginger.

Andhra Pradesh earn money by selling ladyfinger and whole India eat ladyfinger.

So transportation and communication is called the lifelines of a nation and its economy.

(ii) Write a note on the changing nature of the international trade in the last fifteen years.

Ans. International trade has increase a lot. The exchange of information is more than the exchange of goods. Through the export of information technology, India is earning large foreign exchange.

Political Parties

Q1. State the various functions political parties perform in a democracy.

Ans. (i) Contest Elections

(ii) Run the government

(iii) Decision making

(iv) make policy and programme.

Q2. What are the various challenges faced by political parties?

Ans. (i) lack of democracy

(ii) money and muscle power

(iii) corruption

(iv) dynamic succession

Q3. Suggest some reforms to strengthen parties so that they perform their functions well?

Ans. (i) Law to regulate political party

(ii) Reservation for women and people from backward classes in political party.

Q4. What is a political party?

Ans. A political party is a group of people of common interest who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.

Q5. What are the characteristics of a political party?

Ans. (i) Contest elections

(ii) make policies and programmes.

(iii) Decision making

(iv) Run government.

Q6. A group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government is called a _____________________.

Ans. Political Party

7. Match List I (organisations and struggles) with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:

List I ........................List II

1. Congress Party .....A. National Democratic Alliance

2. Bharatiya Janta Party........B. State Party

3. Communist Party of India (Marxist)......C. United Progressive Alliance

4. Telugu Desam Party......(D) Left Front

Ans. Congress Party = United Progressive Alliance

Bharatiya Janta Party = National Democratic Alliance

Communist Party of India (Marxist) = Left Front

Telugu Desam Party = State Party

Q8. Who among the following is the founder of the Bahujan Samaj Party?

A. Kanshi Ram

B. Sahu Maharaj

C. B.R. Ambedkar

D. Jotiba Phule

Ans. A. Kanshi Ram

Q9. What is the guiding philosophy of the Bharatiya Janata Party?

A. Bahujan Samaj

B. Revolutionary democracy

C. Integral humanism

D. Modernity

Ans. c. Integral humanism.

Q10. Consider the following statements on parties. Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. Political parties do not enjoy much trust among the people.

Ans. Incorrect. People have trust.

B. Parties are often rocked by scandals involving top party leaders.

Ans. Incorrect. Not always.

C. Parties are not necessary to run governments.

Ans. Incorrect. Political Parties run government.

11. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below: Muhammad Yunus is a famous economist of Bangladesh. He received several international honours for his efforts to promote economic and social development for the benefit of the poor. He and the Grameen Bank he started jointly, received the Nobel Peace Prize for the 2006. In February 2007, he decided to launch a political party and contest in the parliamentary elections. His objective was to foster proper leadership, good governance and build a new Bangladesh. He felt that only a political party different from the traditional ones would bring about new political culture. His party would be democratic from the grassroots level. The launching of the new party, called Nagarik Shakti (Citizens’ Power), has caused a stir among the Bangladeshis. While many welcomed his decision, some did not like it. “Now I think Bangladesh will have a chance to choose between good and bad and eventually have a good government,” said Shahedul Islam, a government official. “That government, we hope, would not only keep itself away from corruption but also make fighting corruption and black money a top priority.” But leaders of traditional political parties who dominated the country’s politics for decades were apprehensive. “There was no debate (over him) winning the Nobel, but politics is different – very challenging and often controversial,” said a senior leader of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. Some others were highly critical. They asked why he was rushing into politics. “Is he being planted in politics by mentors from outside the country,” asked one political observer.

Do you think Yunus made a right decision to float a new political party?

Do you agree with the statements and fears expressed by various people? How do you want this new party organised to make it different from other parties? If you were the one to begin this political party how would you defend it?

7-Outcomes of Democracy

Q1. How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government?

Ans. As the people has the right in choose their representatives through the electoral process. These elected representatives form the government and participate in the decision making process on behalf of the people.

Q2. What are the conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversities?

Ans. Following conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversities: -

a. Minority and majority opinions are not permanent.

b. To make sure that Government functions to represent general views, minority and majority must work together.

c. It needs to be understood that simply rule by majority opinion is not democracy.

Q3. Give arguments to support or oppose the following assertions:

a. Industrialised countries can afford democracy but the poor need dictatorship to become rich.

Ans. Incorrect. In 1947, India was poor but now it is one of the fast growing economies in the world. However, Zimbabwe was very prosperous but now it is in huge international debt.

b. Democracy can’t reduce inequality of incomes between different citizens.

Ans. Incorrect. The Minimum Wages Act enacted by the government and other policies which regulate the basic price at which farmers and workers sell goods increase the per capita income of the country.

c. Government in poor countries should spend less on poverty reduction, health, education and spend more on industries and infrastructure.

Ans. Incorrect. In poor countries, people cannot afford health and education services.

d. In democracy all citizens have one vote, which means that there is absence of any domination and conflict.

Ans. Incorrect. There are division among the people. Division lead to conflict.

Q4. Identify the challenges to democracy in the following descriptions. Also suggest policy/institutional mechanism to deepen democracy in the given situations:

a. Following a High Court directive a temple in Orissa that had separate entry doors for dalits and non-dalits allowed entry for all from the same door.

Ans. Equal status to all its citizens in spite of their caste.

b. A large number of farmers are committing suicide in different states of India.

Ans. Providing subsidies to farmers which will help them to earn profits.

c. Following allegation of killing of three civilians in Gandwara in a fake encounter by Jammu and Kashmir police, an enquiry has been ordered.

Ans. Preserve people's trust in government arms like the police.

Q5. In the context of democracies, which of the following ideas is correct – democracies have successfully eliminated:

A. conflicts among people

B. economic inequalities among people

C. differences of opinion about how marginalised sections are to be treated

D. the idea of political inequality

Ans. D. The ideal of political inequality.

Q6. In the context of assessing democracy which among the following is odd one out. Democracies need to ensure:

A. free and fair elections

B. dignity of the individual

C. majority rule

D. equal treatment before law

Ans. C. Majority rule.

Q7. Studies on political and social inequalities in democracy show that

A. democracy and development go together.

B. inequalities exist in democracies.

C. inequalities do not exist under dictatorship.

D. dictatorship is better than democracy.

Ans. B. inequalities exist in democracies.

Q8. Read the passage below: Nannu is a daily wage earner. He lives in Welcome Mazdoor Colony, a slum habitation in East Delhi. He lost his ration card and applied for a duplicate one in January 2004. He made several rounds to the local Food & Civil Supplies office for the next three months. But the clerks and officials would not even look at him, leave alone do his job or bother to tell him the status of his application. Ultimately, he filed an application under the Right to Information Act asking for the daily progress made on his application, names of the officials, who were supposed to act on his application and what action would be taken against these officials for their inaction. Within a week of filing application under the Right to Information Act, he was visited by an inspector from the Food Department, who informed him that the card had been made and he could collect it from the office. When Nannu went to collect his card next day, he was given a very warm treatment by the Food & Supply Officer (FSO), who is the head of a Circle. The FSO offered him tea and requested him to withdraw his application under the Right to Information, since his work had already been done. What does Nannu’s example show?

What impact did Nannu’s action have on officials? Ask your parents their experiences when they approach government officials to attend to their problems.

Ans. Importance of the Right To Information Act. Nannu's action affected the officials' working.

3-Money and Credit

Q1. Nikhil wants to withdraw Rs.20,000 in cash for making payments. How would he write a cheque to withdraw money?

Ans. Pay Self

Rupees Twenty thousand only

Q2. Tick the correct answer. After the transaction between Nikhil and Chetan,

(i) Nikhil’s balance in his bank account increases, and Chetan’s balance increases.

(ii) Nikhil’s balance in his bank account decreases and Chetan’s balance increases.

(iii) Nikhil’s balance in his bank account increases and Chetan’s balance decreases.

Q3. Why are demand deposits considered as money?

Ans. They can be withdrawn when required and the money withdrawn can be used for making payments. So, they are also considered as money in the modern economy.

Q1. Why do lenders ask for collateral while lending?

(उधार देते वक़्त लोन देने वाला सिक्योरिटी क्यों मांगता है ? )

Ans. Lender ask for collateral while lending because against the loan a security is needed. Collateral is an asset (house), livestock, vehicle etc.

Q2. Given that a large number of people in our country are poor, does it in any way affect their capacity to borrow?

Ans. Yes, it affects the borrowing capacity e as a large number of people in our country or poor. Firstly the borrowing depends on the amount of collateral one possess.

Q3. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct option from the brackets. While taking a loan, borrowers look for easy terms of credit. This means high (low/high) interest rate, easy (easy/ tough) conditions for repayment, more (less/more) collateral and documentation requirements

Q1. List the various sources of credit in Sonpur.

Ans. (i) Agricultural traders. (ii) Cooperative societies. (iii) Moneylenders. (iv) Commercial banks.

Q2. Underline the various uses of credit in Sonpur in the above passages.

Ans. They use this fund to give loans to the needed people. After getting the payment of debt Krishak cooperative give loans for the purchase of agricultural implements, loans for cultivation and agricultural trade, fishery loans, loans for construction of houses and for a variety of other expenditures.

Q3. Compare the terms of credit for the small farmer, the medium farmer and the landless agricultural worker in Sonpur.

Q4. Why will Arun have a higher income from cultivation compared to Shyamal?

Q5. Can everyone in Sonpur get credit at a cheap rate? Who are the people who can?

Q6. Tick the correct answer.

(i) Over the years, Rama’s debt · will rise. · will remain constant. · will decline.

(ii) Arun is one of the few people in Sonpur to take a bank loan because · other people in the village prefer to borrow from the moneylenders. · banks demand collateral which everyone cannot provide. · interest rate on bank loans is same as the interest rate charged by the traders.

Q7. Talk to some people to find out the credit arrangements that exist in your area. Record your conversation. Note the differences in the terms of credit across people.

Q1. What are the differences between formal and informal sources of credit?

Q2. Why should credit at reasonable rates be available for all?

Q3. Should there be a supervisor, such as the Reserve Bank of India, that looks into the loan activities of informal lenders? Why would its task be quite difficult?

Q4. Why do you think that the share of formal sector credit is higher for the richer households compared to the poorer households?

Q1. In situations with high risks, credit might create further problems for the borrower. Explain.

Q2. How does money solve the problem of double coincidence of wants? Explain with an example of your own.

Q3. How do banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need money?

Q4. Look at a 10 rupee note. What is written on top? Can you explain this statement?

Q5. Why do we need to expand formal sources of credit in India?

Q6. What is the basic idea behind the SHGs for the poor? Explain in your own words.

Q7. What are the reasons why the banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers?

Q8. In what ways does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functioning of banks? Why is this necessary?

Q9. Analyse the role of credit for development.

Q10. Manav needs a loan to set up a small business. On what basis will Manav decide whether to borrow from the bank or the moneylender? Discuss.

Q11. In India, about 80 per cent of farmers are small farmers, who need credit for cultivation. (a) Why might banks be unwilling to lend to small farmers? (b) What are the other sources from which the small farmers can borrow? (c) Explain with an example how the terms of credit can be unfavourable for the small farmer. (d) Suggest some ways by which small farmers can get cheap credit.

Q12. Fill in the blanks:

(i) Majority of the credit needs of the _________________households are met from informal sources.

(ii) ___________________costs of borrowing increase the debt-burden.

(iii) __________________ issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.

(iv) Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on __________.

(v) _______________ is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee until the loan is repaid to the lender.

Q13. Choose the most appropriate answer.

(i) In a SHG most of the decisions regarding savings and loan activities are taken by (a) Bank.

(b) Members.

(ii) Formal sources of credit does not include

(a) Banks.

(b) Cooperatives.

4-Globalisation and the Indian Economy

Q1. Would you say Ford Motors is a MNC? Why?

Ans. Yes it is an MNC. Because it manufactures and sells its vehicles in many countries.

Q2. What is foreign investment? How much did Ford Motors invest in India?

Ans. The investment which comes from abroad is called foreign investment. Ford Motors had invested Rs.1700 crore.

Q3. By setting up their production plants in India, MNCs such as Ford Motors tap the advantage not only of the large markets that countries such as India provide, but also the lower costs of production. Explain the statement.

Ans. The cost of labour is cheaper in India; compared to the developed countries.

Q4. Why do you think the company wants to develop India as a base for manufacturing car components for its global operations? Discuss the following factors:

(a) cost of labour and other resources in India

(b) the presence of several local manufacturers who supply autoparts to Ford Motors (c) closeness to a large number of buyers in India and China.

Ans. (a) Wages and salaries are much lower in India compared to in developed countries. Moreover, raw materials and power is also cheaper. This is a definite advantage which India offers as a production base.

(b) There are many companies which manufacture various auto-parts; like Sundaram Fasteners.

Q5. In what ways will the production of cars by Ford Motors in India lead to interlinking of production?

Ans. The company is making engines and body at its plant. It is procuring other components from various suppliers which operate in India. Even designing of some of the new models has been done in India.

Q6. In what ways is a MNC different from other companies?

Ans. MNC owns and operates production across various countries of the world while other companies only operate in their home country.

Q7. Nearly all major multinationals are American, Japanese or European, such as Nike, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Honda, Nokia. Can you guess why?

Ans. . The American, Japanese and European countries are wealthy because they are industrially developed and they have immense wealth. These countries are all major multinationals in Nike, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Honda, Nokia because of their surplus amount of funds and rich resources

Test Paper

Q1 Why was the Rowlatt Act imposed?

Ans. The purpose of the Act was to curb the growing nationalist upsurge in the country. Gandhi called upon the people to perform satyagraha against the act.

Q2 Describe any two benefits of waterways in India?

Ans. (i) Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.

(ii) They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.

Q3 Why is one-party political system not considered a good option in democratic system?

Ans. People can not choose different person as their representative and at every elections only one party wins so in fact the right of people are spoiled.

Q4 Suggest steps to mitigate the environmental degradation caused by the industrial development in India?

Ans. It can be done in the following ways: -

a. Treat hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.

b. Fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators.

c. Smoke can be reduced by using oil and gas instead of coal in the factories.

Q5 Why is it necessary for banks and cooperatives to extend their lending activities in rural areas? Explain.

Ans. Because the money lenders in rural areas are charging higher rate of interest and the rural people were unable to bear the interest cost. Most of their earnings are used for paying the interest.

Q6 What are self-help groups? How do they work? Explain.

Ans. A group of people who work on daily wages who form a loose grouping or union. Money is collected from those who are able to donate and given to members in need. Members may also make small regular savings contributions over a few months until there is enough money in the group to begin lending.

Q7 Explain the limits of Civil Disobedience movement in the context of various classes.

Ans.

a. Dalits participation in the Civil Disobedience movement was very limited.

b. The participation of Muslim political groups were lukewarm, as there was atmosphere of distrust and suspicion.

c. The role of Sanatanis and Hindu Mahasabha was very dominant.

d. In 1930 Dr B R Ambedkar clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second-round table conference by demanding separate electorate for Dalits.

e. Different sections of people in the Civil Disobedience movement had their own aspirations, hence the struggle was not united and there was discontent among the participants.

Q8 What is the multiparty system? Why has India adopted a multiparty system? Explain.

Ans. A multi-party system is a political system in which multiple political parties across the political spectrum run for national elections, and all have the capacity to gain control of government offices, separately or in coalition.

India has evolved a multi-party system because the social and geographical diversity in such a large country is not easily absorbed by two or even three parties. This system allows for a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation. Such representation strengthens democracy.

Q9 How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government.

Ans. Democracy produces an accountable government because it provides regular, free and fair elections regularly. Open discussions are held on all major issues and legislations.

Q10 Democracy's ability to generate its own support is itself an outcome that cannot be ignored. Support the statement with examples.

Ans. (i) Democracy ensures that decision making will be based on norms and procedure.

(ii) Every citizen has the right and means to examine the process of decision making.

(iii) Democratic governments are accountable, legitimate and transparent governments.

(iv) People have the right to choose their rulers.

Q11 How is multinational corporations (MNCs) controlling and spreading their productions across the world? Explain

Ans. MNCs are spreading their production across countries in many ways. Large MNCs set up production units jointly with local companies in a country. Many a times, MNCs buy local companies and then start expanding their production activities.

Q12 What are the functions of WTO? Suggest measures to make globalisation just and fair.

Q13 Read the given text and answer the following questions:

In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra - a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer. The movement here was against talukdars and landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses. Peasants had to do begar and work at landlords' farms without any payment. As tenants they had no security of tenure, being regularly evicted so that they could acquire no right over the leased land. The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords. In many places nai-dhobi bandhs were organised by panchayats to deprive landlords of the services of even barbers and washermen. In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in Awadh, talking to the villagers, and trying to understand theiry grievances. By October, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others. Within a month, over 300 branches had been set up in the villages around the region. So when the NonCooperation Movement began the following year, the effort of the Congress was to integrate the Awadh peasant struggle into the wider struggle. The peasant movement, however, developed in forms that the Congress leadership was unhappy with. As the movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted, and grain hoards were taken over.

a. Who led the peasants movement in Awadh region?

b. Who headed Oudh Kishan Sabha?

c. What were the demands of peasants?