UNIT I : DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND EXPERIENCE (1947-1990)
CHAPTER 1: INDIAN ECONOMY ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE 3
LOW LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE COLONIAL RULE 4
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 5
INDUSTRIAL SECTOR 7
FOREIGN TRADE 8
DEMOGRAPHIC CONDITION 9
OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE 10
INFRASTRUCTURE 11
CHAPTER 2 : INDIAN ECONOMY 1950-1990 16
THE GOALS OF FIVE YEAR PLANS 19
AGRICULTURE 22
INDUSTRY AND TRADE 27
TRADE POLICY: IMPORT SUBSTITUTION 30
UNIT II : ECONOMIC REFORMS SINCE 1991 36-56
CHAPTER 3 : LIBERALISATION, PRIVATISATION AND GLOBALISATION : AN APPRAISAL 38
BACKGROUND 39
LIBERALISATION 41
PRIVATISATION 44
GLOBALISATION 45
INDIAN ECONOMY DURING REFORMS: AN ASSESSMENT 48
UNIT III: CURRENT CHALLENGES FACING THE INDIAN ECONOMY 57-178
CHAPTER 4 : POVERTY 59
WHO ARE THE POOR? 60
HOW ARE POOR PEOPLE IDENTIFIED? 63
THE NUMBER OF POOR IN INDIA 65
2021-22
– WHAT CAUSES POVERTY? 68
– POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES TOWARDS POVERTY ALLEVIATION 72
– POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES—A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT 75
CHAPTER 5 : HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION IN INDIA 82
– WHAT IS HUMAN CAPITAL? 84
– SOURCES OF HUMAN CAPITAL 84
– HUMAN CAPITAL AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 90
– STATE OF HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION IN INDIA 91
– EDUCATION SECTOR IN INDIA 92
– FUTURE PROSPECTS 94
CHAPTER 6 : RURAL DEVELOPMENT 99
– WHAT IS RURAL DEVELOPMENT? 100
– CREDIT AND MARKETING IN RURAL AREAS 101
– AGRICULTURAL MARKET SYSTEM 104
– DIVERSIFICATION INTO PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES 106
– SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ORGANIC FARMING 110
CHAPTER 7 : EMPLOYMENT: GROWTH, INFORMALISATION AND OTHER ISSUES 116
– WORKERS AND EMPLOYMENT 118
– PARTICIPATION OF PEOPLE IN EMPLOYMENT 119
– SELF-EMPLOYED AND HIRED WORKERS 120
– EMPLOYMENT IN FIRMS, FACTORIES AND OFFICES 123
– GROWTH AND CHANGING STRUCTURE OF EMPLOYMENT 124
– INFORMALISATION OF INDIAN WORKFORCE 127
– UNEMPLOYMENT 130
– GOVERNMENT AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION 132
CHAPTER 8 : INFRASTRUCTURE 139
– WHAT IS INFRASTRUCTURE? 140
– RELEVANCE OF INFRASTRUCTURE 141
– THE STATE OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIA 141
– ENERGY 144
– HEALTH 150
xii
2021-22
CHAPTER 9 : ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 162
– ENVIRONMENT — DEFINITION AND FUNCTIONS 163
– STATE OF INDIA’S ENVIRONMENT 167
– SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 171
– STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 172
UNIT IV : DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES OF INDIA : A COMPARISON WITH NEIGHBOURS
CHAPTER 10 : COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES OF INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS
– DEVELOPMENTAL PATH — A SNAPSHOT VIEW 182
– DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS 185
– GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT AND SECTORS 186
– INDICATORS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 189
– DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES — AN APPRAISAL 190